Originally misclassified as a pygmy form of Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) in the 1970s, the Omura’s whale has since been described as a distinct baleen whale species of the family Balaenopteridae (Wada et al. 2003). Sasaki et al. (2006) showed that in fact the Omura’s whale represents an ancient independent lineage that diverged around 17 million years ago within the Balaenopteridae.

This species is currently confirmed from the northeastern and South Atlantic, western Pacific and Indian Ocean. The records from the Indian Ocean are largely from the eastern Indian Ocean and more recently, with the discovery of a resident population of Omura’s whales in Madagascar, the southwestern Indian Ocean and one from Iran in the northwest Indian Ocean.

This discovery represents the first confirmed documentation of Omura’s whale within Sri Lankan waters and therefore the first from the central Northern Indian Ocean.

An Omura’s whale was photographed on 5 February 2017 during routine blue whale photo-identification surveys. The solitary individual was documented approximately 7 km from shore in water between 55–65 m deep (Fig. 1). As the research vessel was switched off, the animal approached the boat enabling a series of photographs highlighting a number of key morphological characteristics to be taken. These characteristics include, jaw asymmetry (Fig. 2a and b), prominent single central rostral ridge and not three as found in B. edeni (Fig. 2b), blaze on right side (Fig. 2c), asymmetrical chevron on both right and left sides (Fig. 2c and d) and falcate dorsal fin (Fig. 2e). These characteristics allow us to morphologically distinguish this individual from Bryde’s whales that are commonly recorded in Sri Lankan waters.

Apart from the distinguishing characteristics, this individual also possessed a mark that resembled a tyre mark on its left dorsal flank and an entanglement scar on the tip of its left rostrum. Both these markings appear to be made by external interactions and are not characteristics of this species.

The morphological characteristics described through the photographs taken on 5 February 2017 provide evidence for the presence of Omura’s whales in Sri Lankan waters and thereby the central Northern Indian Ocean. A previous record from Iran already indicated presence of this species within the western Northern Indian Ocean (Ranjbar et al. 2016). This is the only confirmed record of an Omura’s whale in Sri Lankan waters to date. This is a new record within an expected range within which few sightings/records have previously been available.

The detailed description of the external features of this species provided by Cerchio et al. (2015) were useful for the identification of this individual within Sri Lankan waters. The key features of interest that enable us to discern between Omura’s and Bryde’s that are often recorded in these waters include the prominent dorsal ridge on the rostrum (Bryde’s whales often have three head ridges; the central ridge is flanked by two lateral rostral ridges), body colouration (Bryde’s whales are dark throughout their bodies), and the shape of the dorsal fin (which is small and falcate in relation to that of the Bryde’s whale) (Yamada 2009).

The ‘tyre’ like markings observed on the left dorsal flank of this individual may represent attachment sites of a remora (Echeneidae) as speculated by Cerchio et al. (2015). Remoras are commonly seen attached on blue whales in Sri Lankan waters, but do not leave any visible markings of this nature likely due to a difference in the physical characteristic of the dermis (Cerchio, pers. Comm..).

This individual also showed evidence of an entanglement scar on the left side of its upper jaw indicating that this is a potential threat for this species in these waters. Because the range of this species is still unknown the threats they face are yet unclear making the documentation of this entanglement scar particularly important. Bycatch in local fisheries has been reported from Songkhla, Thailand (Adulyanukosol et al. 2012), and given its penchant for shallow water habitats, bycatch is likely a threat throughout its range (Cerchio et al. 2015). In Sri Lankan waters, ship-strike is the leading population-level threat to blue whales, followed by incidental catch which includes both entanglement and bycatch (de Vos et al. 2016). Given the smaller size of Omura’s whales compared to blue whales it can be considered a particularly pertinent threat to this species in Sri Lankan waters.

The population of Omura’s whales off northwest Madagascar was preferentially seen in water that was 4–202 m deep with SST between 27.4 and 30.2 °C (Cerchio et al. 2015). The sighting reported here was made in waters 55–65 m deep within 7 km of the coast providing further evidence that these whales prefer shallow shelf waters.

Cerchio et al. (2015) suggested that because extensive genetic sampling of Bryde’s whale populations in the North Indian Ocean did not reveal evidence of B. omurai (Kershaw et al. 2013), the distribution of this species is discontinuous with the Madagascar population being potentially isolated from the eastern populations. However, this record from Sri Lankan waters and a previous record from Iran (Ranjbar et al. 2016) may provide some evidence of connectivity across their range.

Given the rarity of this sighting it is important to continue to monitor and record sightings of this species, document resightings of individuals across years and within seasons to estimate population abundance and define movements and ranges, clarify the distinction between Omura’s and Bryde’s whales to ensure accurate records and identify the threats faced by this species.

The images illustrate the characteristic features of this species and highlight the importance of field surveys and photo-identification work that enable the discovery and description of new species and provide opportunity to expand our knowledge of the marine mammals inhabiting our oceans. As such, please submit any images of Bryde’s whales or Omura’s whales from Sri Lankan waters, to the respective catalogues by contacting the corresponding author.

This is the only confirmed record of Omura’s whales from Sri Lankan waters and the central Northern Indian Ocean. It is a new record within an expected range within which few sightings/records have previously been available and may provide some evidence of connectivity with the populations in the eastern Indian Ocean.