A first record of occurrence of the irregular sea urchin Lovenia cordiformis in the Colombian Pacific is herein reported.
Results
We collected one specimen of Lovenia cordiformis at Gorgona Island (Colombia) in a shallow sandy bottom next to a coral reef. Basic morphological data and images of the collected specimen are presented. The specimen now lies at the Echinoderm Collection of the Marine Biology Section at Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia; Tag Code UNIVALLE: CRBMeq-UV: 2014–001).
Conclusions
This report fills a gap in and completes the distribution of the species along the entire coast of the Panamic Province in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, updating the echinoderm richness for Colombia to 384 species.
Keywords
Lovenia cordiformisLoveniidaeSea porcupineHeart urchinGorgona Island
Background
Heart shape-bodied sea urchins also known as sea porcupines (family Loveniidae), are irregular echinoids characterized by its secondary bilateral symmetry. Unlike most sea urchins, features of the Loveniidae provide different anterior-posterior ends, with mouth and anus located ventrally and distally on an oval-shaped horizontal plane. Sea porcupines are infaunal burrowers, small to medium-sized and detritus feeders usually restricted to dwell within sand and coarse rubble (Kanazawa 1992), therefore, can be considered rare and hard to find alive. Lovenia cordiformis Agassiz 1872, belongs to a genus comprising less than 20 living species, which along with other five living genera (e.g. Echinocardium), engross the family Loveniidae. The species, belonging to the Order Spatangoida, is a phylogenetic member of the most diverse extant group of echinoids as exposed by Stockley et al. (2005). Since its description by Agassiz in 1872, L. cordiformis has been considered native to the Eastern Pacific, and with this paper we report the occurrence of L. cordiformis in a coral reef of an island on the continental shelf of the Pacific coast of Colombia, filling in a gap of its coastal distribution in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP).
Materials and methods
One Lovenia cordiformis specimen was collected on October 19, 2012 by snorkeling during low tide at approximately 2.5 m deep, close to a Malacanthus brevirostris burrow in the outer border of La Azufrada (2°57′22.4″N – 78°10′28″W), a 9.4 ha protected coral reef in Gorgona Island (TEP) (see Zapata and Vargas-Angel 2003; for detailed description). This specimen is the first to be collected in the Colombian Pacific, and was identified using Brusca (1980), Hickman (1998), Kerstitch and Bertsch (2007), and the online database of Kroh and Hansson (2013). Dr. Gordon Hendler (curator of echinoderms at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, CA.) confirmed the identification with photographs of the collected specimen taken when still alive.
We trapped the specimen unintentionally while digging the substrate for the collection of sand samples. At first and due to its appearance and color, the specimen remained unnoticed until it began to move. The specimen was fixed in ethanol (95 %), identified at the laboratory and deposited in the Echinoderm Collection of Universidad del Valle (in Cali, Colombia; Tag code UNIVALLE: CRBMeq-UV: 2014–001).
Results and discussion
Systematics
Class ECHINOIDEA Leske, 1778.
Order SPATANGOIDA Claus, 1876.
Suborder MICRASTERINA Fischer, 1966.
Family LOVENIIDAE Lambert, 1905.
Genus Lovenia Desor, 1847.
Lovenia cordiformis Agassiz, 1872.
The specimen had the typical shape of heart urchins, with a larger length (46.50 mm) than width (35.83 mm), and a height of 20.72 mm with a flat oral surface. The convex dorsal surface was covered by small brown hair-like spines, which gives the animal the appearance of a coconut shell. There were evident scattered long serrated spines with a clear banded coloration pattern of brown-reddish and pale-yellowish bands. These scattered spines run backward along the longer axis, as if they were combed (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Dorsal (a) and frontal (b) view of Lovenia cordiformis collected at La Azufrada reef (Gorgona Island, Pacific coast of Colombia). Scale bar: 10 mm
Considering the size of the specimen and the holes dug in the substrate where it was found, the specimen should had been dwelling within the first 15 cm deep in the sandy substrate. The substrate consisted on runoff land-sediments with calcareous sands and coral rubble mixture, where some scattered living coral Pocillopora spp. colonies are found unattached along with massive colonies like Pavona spp. and Gardineroseris planulata.
Despite Mortensen’s monography (1951), who reported the continental distribution of L. cordiformis including Ecuador, the distribution of the species as depicted in different available online resources (e.g. World Echinoidea Database) only places the species in southern California, around the Peninsula of Baja and along the coast of Panama. With this report and according to our review of available data, the updated geographical distribution of the species includes the coasts of Southern California, Mexico, Panama and Colombia, and the oceanic islands Coco and the Galapagos (Maluf 1988; Lessios 2005; Honey-Escandón et al.2008; Cortés 2012), while no records are reported for Malpelo Island, where the geomorphology (mostly rocky walls and the lack of shallow sandy bottoms), may hinder its occurrence.
Following the recent review by Benavides-Serrato et al. (2013) and this new record, the echinoderm richness in Colombia now totals 384 species, of which 32.6 % (125 spp.) inhabits the Pacific coast, with Gorgona Island reaching 42 species. It seems that these echinoids are fairly rare, or at least, this is the case for the Colombian Pacific. For example, there is only one related genus listed for Colombia (see Homolampas hastata -now accepted as Aerolampas hastata- in Cohen-Rengifo et al. 2009); hence, this report constitutes the first national record for the genus Lovenia and the second for Loveniidae.
Conclusions
This is the first record of the species L. cordiformis in Colombia, filling a gap of its distribution in the Eastern Pacific region. It is clear that despite the efforts, knowledge and basic ecological information about echinoderms and infaunal communities in the Colombian Pacific and the region is still incomplete.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Gordon Hendler for the confirmation of the specimen and to National Natural Parks of Colombia for their constant support related to our studies, especially PNN Gorgona and the Henry von Prahl scientific research station. CG Muñoz field activities were co-funded by COLCIENCIAS and Universidad del Valle in Cali, Colombia (Project code: 1106-489-25135).
Authors’ contributions
CGM collected the specimen and drafted the manuscript. ELC identified the specimen and improved the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Biology, Coral Reefs Ecology Research Group, Universidad del Valle
(2)
Department of Biology, Rocky Intertidal and Shallow Subtidal Ecosystems Research Group, Universidad del Valle
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