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Table 2 Comparison of estern Atlantic and Mediterranean species of Pagellus species and Pagrus pagrus. According to (Whitehead et al. 1986; Carpenter and De Angelis 2016)

From: First confirmed record of Sparid Pagellus bogaraveo (Brünnich, 1768) in the Syrian marine waters (Levantine Basin)

Description

Pagellus bogaraveo

Pagellus erythrinus

Pagellus acarne

Pagellus billottii

Pagrus pagrus

Body

Oblong

Oval and compressed

fusiform

Oblong and compressed

Oval moderately deep.

upper profile of head

curved

straight

depressed above eyes

Head profile

rounded, snout short;

straight

depressed above eye, snout conical; interorbital space flat

slightly, but regularly convex, becoming steeper from the nape downward in adults,

convex, slightly steeper in front of eye

Eye diameter

greater than snout length

smaller than snout length

smaller than snout length

Scalation on top of head ending

behind a transverse line through middle of eyes

in front of a transverse line through middle of eye

behind a transverse line through middle of eyes

in front of a transverse line through middle of eye

Scale on cheeks

cheeks scaly

cheeks scaly

cheeks scaly

cheeks scaly

6 or 7 rows of scales on cheeks

mouth

mouth low, nearly horizontal

mouth low, slightly oblique; lips thick

mouth low, nearly horizontal; lips thick

mouth low, small, slightly oblique

Lateral teeth

molariform

molars in 2 or 3 rows in upper and 2 rows in lower jaw;

molariform

molars arranged in 2 rows

Molariform

Anterior teeth in each jaw

pointed teeth; followed by numerous sligthly smaller, cardiform teeth

pointed teeth; followed by numerous sligthly smaller, cardiform teeth

pointed teeth; followed by numerous sligthly smaller, cardiform teeth

pointed teeth; followed by numerous sligthly smaller, cardiform teeth

In front of jaws 4 upper and 6 lower stronger canines-like teeth; at back, smaller and obtuse canines

Gillrakers

18–19 lower,

11–13 upper.

8–10 lower, 5–6 upper.

13–16 lower, 9–12 upper.

9–10 lower, 5–6 upper.

8–10 lower, 6–8 upper.

Dorsal fin rays

XII, XIII + 11–13

XII + 10–11

XII. XIII + 12–13

XII + 11–12

XII + 9–10

Anal fin rays

III + 11, 12

III + 8, 9

III + 9, 10

III + 10

III + 8, 9

lateral line Scales

68–74

55–65

65–72

54–60

52–60

Colour of body

a more or less reddish grey,

a moderately bright pink marked with small blue spots on sides

greyish pink, darker on back

more or less bright red with silvery reflections; often blue spots following scale rows on sides

: pink with silvery reflections

Colour of head

darker on head

head darker, especially between eyes and on snout profile

head darker, particularly between eyes

head dark

from nape to angle of mouth

Colour of belly

lighter on belly;

lighter on belly

lighter on belly

interior of mouth

orange red

whitish or greyish

orange-red

whitish or greyish

Characteristic colour

a large black blotch at origin of lateral line

posterior dorsal margin of opercle crimson red; a reddish spot on bases of pectoral fins;

a reddish black spot at pectoral fin axils

dark red spot at origin of lateral line and along upper margin of opercle;

caudal fin dark pink, with both tips white